Assignment paper number 15
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This was the first line of a current newspaper article. Did you read a newspaper this morning? Maybe you watched the news on television or heard headlines broadcast on the radio. These are forms of journalism. Journalism is the act of gathering and presenting news and information. The term 'journalism' also refers to the news and information itself. It's important to notice the variety of information media today. The news and information can be presented in many different ways, including articles, reports, broadcasts, or even tweets.
Journalism is a form of communication, but it's distinct from other forms. It is unique because it's a one-way message, or story, from the journalist to the audience. It's most unique because the message isn't the journalist's personal story or subjective thoughts. Instead, the journalist acts as a conduit, narrating an objective story about something that happened or is happening, based on his or her observations and discoveries. This type of storytelling comes in many different forms, including:
For that reason, journalism is an essential component in a democratic society. The freer the society, like the United States, the more news and information is available to the public. Citizens tend to be well-informed on issues affecting their communities, government, and everyday dealings. On the other hand, North Korea allows only limited access to independent news sources and almost no access to the Internet. The vast majority of news and information comes from the official Korean Central News Agency, which reports mainly on statements from the political leadership. This leaves citizens with only one, filtered point of view.
In the early 1900s, especially in the 1920s, there was a concerted push toward greater objectivity in journalism. After years of political propaganda and reporting based simply on 'realism', experts pushed for a consistent process for testing information that more closely resembled a scientific method.
One of the pioneers of Indian language journalism was Raja Ram Mohan Roy
with his Persian newspaper Miratool Akbar. He created the newspaper in order to
indicate to the rulers’ knowledge of the real situation of their subjects and
make the subjects acquainted with the established laws and customs of their
rules. Roy later stopped later in protest against the Government’s Press
Regulations.
Another important newspaper that contributed in the freedom struggle was Bengal Gazette or as it was also known, Hicky’s Gazette. James Augustus Hicky started it in 1780 ‘in order to purchase freedom for my mind and soul’. ‘A weekly political and commercial paper, open to all parties but influenced by none.’ The paper was, in essence, no better than a scandal sheet. Thus, in the next year (1981), Hicky was arrested and put into jail, from where he continued to write for the Gazette.
Restrictions were brought back in the form of Gagging Act, 1857. This was the year of what the British historians termed ‘the Sepoy Mutiny’, while a few Indian historians called it the ‘first war of Independence’. The Mutiny brought the rule of the East India Company to a close, with the Crown taking over the ‘colony’, with the promise of religious toleration and press freedom. The main topics of discussion in the English and vernacular press before and after the Mutiny were sati, caste, widow remarriage, polygamy, crimes and opposition to the teaching of English in schools and colleges. Bombay’s Gujarati press, in particular, excelled in the defence of the Indian way of life. In 1876, the Vernacular Press Act was promulgated. The English-controlled papers like The Times of India, the Pioneer and the Madras Mail didn’t report it to a great extent. However, the vernacular papers like Amrit Bazar Patrika and Kesari reported the inaugural meeting at length.
Despite the hold the television industry has on the country, it is the print press which is attracting more advertisers, making up 47% of the whole share. Newspapers in the current time have penetrated only 25% of the total population of the country. It is true that these days, the digital technology is mauling the traditional print newspaper. One of the reasons why this digital phase has not affected India that much is because only 7% of the Indians surf the Internet regularly. The rich English language, extremely cheap cost and the total availability of the newspapers also help in their sale.
The growth of India’s economy has had its impact on the newspaper industry. The circulation increased, resulting in increased revenues. Here, the dailies in the regional languages command more than half of the average readership, as per a report in 2010. There are 90 million readers of dailies in the regional languages as compared to 54 million for dailies in Hindi and 8 million for dailies in English.
Name : Namrataba Zala
Semester : 4
Roll No. : 19
Enrollment No. : 2069108420170033
Batch : 2016-2018
Email Id : namratazala2707@gmail.com
Paper No. : 15
Mass media and communication
S. B. Gardi Department OF English
Bhavnagar University
Journalism and India
What is journalism?
Journalism is the activity of
gathering, assessing, creating, and presenting news and information. It is also
the product of these activities.
Journalism can be distinguished from
other activities and products by certain identifiable characteristics and
practices. These elements not only separate journalism from other forms of
communication, they are what make it indispensable to democratic societies.
History reveals that the more democratic a society, the more news and
information it tends to have.
One person was taken to the Burn Center at Parkland Hospital after flames
ripped through an East Dallas apartment complex. This was the first line of a current newspaper article. Did you read a newspaper this morning? Maybe you watched the news on television or heard headlines broadcast on the radio. These are forms of journalism. Journalism is the act of gathering and presenting news and information. The term 'journalism' also refers to the news and information itself. It's important to notice the variety of information media today. The news and information can be presented in many different ways, including articles, reports, broadcasts, or even tweets.
Journalism is a form of communication, but it's distinct from other forms. It is unique because it's a one-way message, or story, from the journalist to the audience. It's most unique because the message isn't the journalist's personal story or subjective thoughts. Instead, the journalist acts as a conduit, narrating an objective story about something that happened or is happening, based on his or her observations and discoveries. This type of storytelling comes in many different forms, including:
- Breaking news
- Feature stories
- Investigative reports
- Editorials
- Reviews
- Blogs
- Who was it?
- What did they do?
- Where were they?
- When did it happen?
- Why did it happen?
The Role of Journalism
Journalism serves many different roles. Foremost, it serves to inform the
public. It's an open medium, meaning the intended audience includes the entire
community or public. Once the journalist reports the information - or sends the
communication - that information is available to anyone wishing to receive it. For that reason, journalism is an essential component in a democratic society. The freer the society, like the United States, the more news and information is available to the public. Citizens tend to be well-informed on issues affecting their communities, government, and everyday dealings. On the other hand, North Korea allows only limited access to independent news sources and almost no access to the Internet. The vast majority of news and information comes from the official Korean Central News Agency, which reports mainly on statements from the political leadership. This leaves citizens with only one, filtered point of view.
Objectivity & Bias
This type of bias is a key issue in journalism. Journalism is based on objectivity,
meaning journalists must make every effort to report the news and information
without allowing their preconceptions to influence the stories. There's a
general acceptance that journalists, like all people, have inherent personal
and cultural biases. These prejudices can be positive, negative, or neutral,
and many are subconscious. Some biases are even thought to be
organization-wide. For example, many people believe Fox News is biased toward
the Republican Party, while MSNBC is biased toward the Democratic Party. In the early 1900s, especially in the 1920s, there was a concerted push toward greater objectivity in journalism. After years of political propaganda and reporting based simply on 'realism', experts pushed for a consistent process for testing information that more closely resembled a scientific method.
History of Journalism in India
Another important newspaper that contributed in the freedom struggle was Bengal Gazette or as it was also known, Hicky’s Gazette. James Augustus Hicky started it in 1780 ‘in order to purchase freedom for my mind and soul’. ‘A weekly political and commercial paper, open to all parties but influenced by none.’ The paper was, in essence, no better than a scandal sheet. Thus, in the next year (1981), Hicky was arrested and put into jail, from where he continued to write for the Gazette.
Restrictions were brought back in the form of Gagging Act, 1857. This was the year of what the British historians termed ‘the Sepoy Mutiny’, while a few Indian historians called it the ‘first war of Independence’. The Mutiny brought the rule of the East India Company to a close, with the Crown taking over the ‘colony’, with the promise of religious toleration and press freedom. The main topics of discussion in the English and vernacular press before and after the Mutiny were sati, caste, widow remarriage, polygamy, crimes and opposition to the teaching of English in schools and colleges. Bombay’s Gujarati press, in particular, excelled in the defence of the Indian way of life. In 1876, the Vernacular Press Act was promulgated. The English-controlled papers like The Times of India, the Pioneer and the Madras Mail didn’t report it to a great extent. However, the vernacular papers like Amrit Bazar Patrika and Kesari reported the inaugural meeting at length.
Despite the hold the television industry has on the country, it is the print press which is attracting more advertisers, making up 47% of the whole share. Newspapers in the current time have penetrated only 25% of the total population of the country. It is true that these days, the digital technology is mauling the traditional print newspaper. One of the reasons why this digital phase has not affected India that much is because only 7% of the Indians surf the Internet regularly. The rich English language, extremely cheap cost and the total availability of the newspapers also help in their sale.
The growth of India’s economy has had its impact on the newspaper industry. The circulation increased, resulting in increased revenues. Here, the dailies in the regional languages command more than half of the average readership, as per a report in 2010. There are 90 million readers of dailies in the regional languages as compared to 54 million for dailies in Hindi and 8 million for dailies in English.
Conclusion
Today, News is a globally important
media form. It flows at incredible speed.
24/7, across several technologies,
and for both local and international contexts. Its
satellite form is available, for
example, in most bars. World wide. Not only that, but
its major reports can have a swift
impact on politicians, on stock markets and the
other sites of power. Its codes have
been learnt and are often attempted by those opposing vested power.
Journalism has come a long way since
then. Today, a journalist is anyone who contributes in some way to the
gathering, selection, and processing of news and current affairs FOR THE PRESS,
RADIO, FILM, TELEVISION, cable, and the
internet; and journalism is the
profession to which they belong. Thus, editors, correspondents, assistant
editors, reporters, subeditors, proofreaders , cartoonists, photographers,
(“photo jornalists”) are journalists; so are, camera crew, audio, and
video editors, news readers,
producers, directors and the managing directors “stringers” are part time journalists,
while “ free lance” journalists are those who are
occasional contributors. Journalism
as a craft, a profession and even as a trade or business is two centuries old.
It was made possible by the coming together of a number of technologies as well
as several social, political and economic developments. The main technologies that
facilities the development of large scale printing and distribution of print
material were the printing press and the railways.
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